Biography of Miriam Benjamin, Inventor of Signal Chair

Life story of Miriam Benjamin, Inventor of Signal Chair Miriam Benjamin (September 16, 1861â€1947) was a Washington, D.C. teacher and the second dark lady to get a patent in the United States, given to her in 1888 for a development she called a Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels. This gadget may appear to be somewhat interesting, yet its replacement is as yet utilized every day the airline steward call button on business airplane. Quick Facts: Miriam Benjamin Known For: Second dark lady to get a patent, she created the Gong and Signal Chair for HotelsBorn: September 16, 1861 in Charleston, South Carolina Parents: Francis Benjamin and Eliza BenjaminDied: 1947Education: Howard University, Howard University Law SchoolAwards: Patent number 386,289Notable Quote: From her patent application: The seat would serve to lessen the costs of inns by diminishing the quantity of servers and orderlies, to add to the accommodation and solace of visitors and to block the need of hand applauding or calling so anyone might hear to get the administrations of pages. Early Life Benjamin was conceived as a free individual in Charleston, South Carolina, on September 16, 1861. Her dad was Jewish and her mom was dark. Her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where her mother Eliza planned to give her youngsters access to great tutoring. Instruction and Career Miriam went to secondary school in Boston. She later moved to Washington, D.C. also, was filling in as a teacher when she got her patent for the Gong and Signal Chair in 1888. She proceeded with her instruction at Howard University, first endeavoring clinical school. These plans were hindered when she finished the common help test and found a government line of work as a representative. She later moved on from Howard University graduate school and turned into a specialist of licenses. In 1920, she moved back to Boston to live with her mom and work for her sibling, noted lawyer Edgar Pinkerton Benjamin. She never wedded. Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels Benjamins innovation permitted inn clients to bring a server from the solace of their seat. A catch on the seat would buzz the servers station and a light on the seat would let the hold up staff realize who needed help. Her patent notes that this creation would serve to lessen the costs of lodgings by diminishing the quantity of servers and chaperons, to add to the accommodation and solace of visitors and to block the need of hand applauding or calling so anyone might hear to get the administrations of pages. Any individual who has attempted to get the consideration of a server, particularly when they have all apparently vanished into the woodwork, may wish this had gotten a standard in each café. Patent number 386,289 was given to Miriam Benjamin on July 17, 1888. Her creation got consideration from the press. Miriam Benjamin campaigned to have her Gong and Signal Chair embraced by United States House of Representatives, so as to flag pages. The framework that was in the end introduced there looked like her innovation. The Inventive Benjamin Family Miriam was not the only one in her imagination. The Benjamin family utilized the instruction their mom Eliza esteemed so profoundly. Lude Wilson Benjamin, four years more youthful than Miriam, got U.S. Patent number 497,747 out of 1893 for an enhancement for brush moisteners. He proposed a tin supply that would join to a brush and dribble water onto the brush to keep it wet so it wouldnt produce dust as it cleared. Miriam E. Benjamin was the first chosen one for the patent. Edgar P. Benjamin, the most youthful in the family, was a lawyer and humanitarian who was dynamic in legislative issues. Be that as it may, he likewise got U.S. Patent number 475,749 of every 1892 for a pants defender, a clasp to keep pants off the beaten path while bicycling. Demise Miriam Benjamin passed on in 1947. The conditions of her passing are not distributed. Inheritance Benjamin was the second African-American lady to get a United States patent, after Sarah E. Great, who concocted the collapsing bureau bed three years earlier in 1885. Benjamins creation was the forerunner to the airline steward call button, a key apparatus for client support in the carrier business. Sources Brodie, James Michael. Made Equal The Lives and Ideas of Black American Innovators. William Morrow and Co. Inc., 1993Mahoney, Eleanor. â€Å"Miriam E. Benjamin (1861-1947) BlackPast.†Ã‚ BlackPast, 14 Mar. 2019.Miriam E. Benjamin: African American Inventor. MyBlackHistory.net.

Internnational Negotiations Reflective Essay Free Essays

Last Reflective Essay To start with, I might want to state that the course of International Negotiations was significant for me. It kept going just fourteen days yet this time was sufficient to comprehend numerous things, to have great exercises and genuine dealings that completely changed me. It isn't â€Å"loud words†; it is the thing that I feel like at this point. We will compose a custom article test on Internnational Negotiations Reflective Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Above all else, the course started with meeting individuals of the gathering, learning nationalities and understanding what is genuine worldwide dealings are. In various errands of exercise I attempted to find out about the method of doing exchanges with various individuals. I am persuaded that various perspectives and societies make dealings extraordinary. You can know rules of doing dealings however it isn't all. You additionally need to know an individual, at times his way of life and set of psyche. These fourteen days gave me that distinctive social arrangements of psyche are extremely hard to survive. In certain minutes I was unable to do it and I lost as a result of it. Be that as it may, this is the purpose of universal exchanges when you are managing various individuals from different nations. First exchanges in this class gave me that I was not arranged well for them. It was hard for me, since I didn't know whether I was haggling in the correct manner or not. I feel that when you have genuine exchanges you have more opportunity to get your work done, to set up your objectives and results which you need to get. It is constantly simpler when you know your objective, focuses which you can lose or pick up. For my situation, I understood how to do it after the third exercise when we attempted to haggle about numerous issues. Arrangements are not basic things. Now and then you have to lose in certain minutes to pick up in fundamental one. Presently I can see it, I can feel when it is significant something for an individual or not. In arrangements you generally get an opportunity to know it. On the off chance that someone surrenders rapidly it implies that this issue or second doesn't assume an incredible job for him. In addition, in the start of this course I believed that I am a hazard loath individual. I didn't prefer to face a challenge in light of dread of losing more. Notwithstanding, after this course I understood that I can be chance chasing and I need to face a challenge in some second, yet it is very ifficult to haggle with an individual with inverse assessment, particularly when you are in one group. Contrast in hazard perspectives can bomb your arrangements. It transpired after the course. I had the dealings with the individual from other nation. I felt that we were in one group, I needed to face a challenge, however he didn't. Our dealings fizzled, particularly for me. I attempted to make it works however I proved unable. I believe that we had such sort of arrangements when our dealing zones didn't cross. We couldn't to discover arrangements and approaches to make an arrangement, so it fizzled. Possibly, in the event that it was progressively significant for us and we were unable to decline of it we would make an arrangement. Taking everything into account I might want to state that the achievement of dealings is in capacity to comprehend the issue in your exchanges. You likewise need to discover methods of taking care of the difficult that are appropriate for all accomplices. It is the most troublesome part. To execute your choice you have to know your accomplice, to know his objectives, principle issues or minutes that he couldn't care less about. It is significant for me in arrangements to know the individual, at times his perspective, his arrangement of brain. In addition, after the course I understood that in certain minutes I need to face challenge, I need to be chance chasing. In any case, there are circumstances when arrangements fall flat. I am persuaded that in such cases I have to attempt more to make it occurs, to make an arrangement. Be that as it may, now and then it doesn't work not as a result of you, but since of your accomplice. All accomplices should invest amounts of energy into the exchanges and they will arrive at the arrangement. Step by step instructions to refer to Internnational Negotiations Reflective Essay, Essay models

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Spells Trouble for HIV Patients

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Spells Trouble for HIV Patients January 24, 2018 One Risk for Contracting HIV. © Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery With 31 percent of all HIV cases among men  and 57 percent among women attributed to injection drug use, it is obvious that shooting illegal drugs increases the risk of contracting the AIDS virus. Drinking alcohol can also contribute to the spread and progression of the disease. According to the Health Resources and Services Administration, non-injection drug use can also lead to contracting the HIV virus, because drug users may trade sex for drugs or money or engage in behaviors under the influence that put them at risk. Binge Drinking Risky The same is true for people who drink to excess. People who are intoxicated lose their inhibitions and have their judgment impaired and can easily find themselves involved in behavior that would put them at risk of contracting HIV. National Institute on Drug Abuse research shows that most young people are not concerned about becoming infected with HIV, but they face a very real danger when they engage in risky behaviors such as unprotected sex with multiple partners. Alcohol Increases HIV Susceptibility Risky behavior is not the only way drinking alcohol can increase the risk of becoming infected with HIV. A study by Gregory J. Bagby at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center found that alcohol consumption may increase host susceptibility to HIV infection. Bagbys students, who conducted a study with rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), found that in the early stages of infection, monkeys who were given alcohol to drink had 64 times the amount of virus in their blood than the control monkeys. Bagby concluded that the alcohol increased infectivity of cells or increased the number of susceptible cells. Virus Progresses Faster For people who have already been infected with HIV, drinking alcohol can also accelerate their HIV disease progression, according to a study by Jeffrey H. Samet at Boston University. The reason for this is both HIV and alcohol suppress the bodys immune system. Samets research found that HIV patients who were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and were currently drinking, have greater HIV progression than those who do not drink. They found that HIV patients who drank moderately or at at-risk levels had higher HIV RNA levels and lower CD4 cell counts, compared with those who did not drink. Drinking Affects Medication Adherence Patients with HIV who drink, especially those who drink heavily, or less likely to adhere to their prescribed medication schedule. Both the Samet study and research at the Center for Research on Health Care at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine found that nearly half of their patients who drank heavily reported taking medication off schedule. The researchers said many of the heavy drinkers simply would forget to take their medications. This is potentially a big problem for healthcare providers due to the fact that alcohol dependence in those with HIV run at rates twice as high as the general population.

A Brief History of Guitar Music and Composers - 1417 Words

Luis Milan lived from 1500 to 1561 in Valencia, Spain. He was a Spanish renaissance composer who was the first composer to write and publish music for the vihuela. In 1536, Milan published a book entitled Libro de Mà ºsica de Vihuela de Mano Intitulado de Maestro. This book is his most famous, and is the first book in history that consisted of vihuela music. It included many villancicos, pavanas, and over 40 fantasias. It also included vocal pieces with accompaniment provided by the vihuela. It was organized so that the harder pieces were towards the end of the book and the easier ones were first. It also contained alternate passages in some of the pieces for more advanced players. Milan wrote various other books besides the one mentioned before. The first book that he wrote was called El Juego de Mandar. It was published in 1535 and was a parlor game book that also included music in it. His last written publication, El Cortesano, was written in 1561. It did not include any music but instead was a book that described the typical life of a professional musician at the time that he was working for the court, which was before 1538. Not much is known about Milan’s life, except that he lived in Valencia for the majority of his life and worked for the ducal court up until the time he began to publish music. He dedicated his book of vihuela music to King John III of Portugal, which could mean that he visited or lived in Portugal for a while. Milan was not onlyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Elliot Cook Carter Jr.1127 Words   |  4 PagesElliot Cook Carter, Jr. is an American classical composer. He was born on December 11th, 1908 into a wealthy family of lace importers, in Manhattan, New York. He became involved in music initially as a teen, and was encouraged in this regard by family friend Charles Ives, who was also a composer. At the age of 15, he had the opportunity to sit in the audience of the Boston Symphony Orchestra’s New York Premiere of The Rite of Spring. It was then 1924Í ¾ the experience would prove to be a major influenceRead MoreTransition of Music from Classical Era to the Postmodern Era1058 Words   |  5 PagesPost-Modern Eras In this essay, I’m going to trace the development of Classical Music from the late 1750s to the Post-Modern era in the 2000s and provide a brief history of music, and how they link together to form what we have today. There are many preconceptions of what the history of music is. Some people think it is mainly a biography of composer’s lives, but they are wrong. The history of music is primarily the history of musical style. In order to appreciate this, it is essential to become acquaintedRead MoreThe Ragtime Vs. The Blues1616 Words   |  7 Pages ¬Ragtime vs. The Blues In the city of New Orleans emerged one of the most influential music genres in U.S. history. 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Meltingpot.fortuecity.com states the in the 1930’s and 1940’s jazz was at it all time highest. Although it is unclear when jazz first started some believe jazzRead MoreHistory Development and Construction of a Classical Guitar3302 Words   |  14 PagesCarry out study of a Classical Guitar and write a report on its history, development and construction. The classical guitar, sometimes called the Spanish or nylon strung guitar, consists of a hollow body made with a top, back and sides constructed from thin pieces of wood carved and shaped to give the familiar traditional figure of eight shape. A long narrow piece of wood, called the neck, is attached to the body at one end and has, at the other end, a headstock to which are attached six tuningRead MoreBand Session At The Baked Potato2545 Words   |  11 Pagesof the genre of Jazz that was played, which is Funk and has been supported by several scholarly sources. Then I will look at the origin of the Jam Session. Finally I will then end with information regarding the performers themselves as well as the history of the venue. For my concert report I went with the members of my group presentation to the weekly jam session at The Baked Potato, located in studio city. We just got done with a long night of studying, it was late, a Monday, and I was tiredRead MoreIndian Classical Music Structure And Sets It Apart1900 Words   |  8 Pagesclassical music structure and sets it apart in the world’s classical traditions? Give examples that highlight structural and conceptual differences. (For example the shruthi or the drone – how vital is it, and what is the philosophy behind it?) Indian classical music is one of the oldest forms of music in the world. It is rooted in antiquity, with traces of its origin found in areas such as the ancient religious Vedic hymns, tribal chants, devotional temple music, and folk music. Indian music is melodicRead MoreJazz : The Music Of America1898 Words   |  8 Pages David Kordik Jazz - The Music of America During the early 1900’s, a new style of music began to take shape in the colorful city of New Orleans. People from all over the world came to exchange stories, conversation, and music. Although it is a very hard genre of music to define, it is said that Jazz is the combination of European and African music that was brought in via the ports. With mostly an African American population, the musicians shared their music in Storyville - a cultural melting pot

The Misusing of Prescription Drugs - 752 Words

Eckhart Tolle once said â€Å"Every addiction arises from an unconscious refusal to face and move through your own pain. Every addiction starts with pain and ends with pain. Whatever the substance you are addicted to- alcohol, food, legal, or illegal drugs, or a person- you are using something or somebody to cover up your pain.† As time continues to past the amount of people that misuse or abuse prescription drugs increasing rapidly. This has become a huge issue with teens because they are always looking for a way to fit in with their peers. Drugs are misused for many different purposes because of the way today’s society is set up. As an alternative to practicing more or studying to improve in ones performance, teens have begun to misuse prescription drugs in order to enhance their performance in their school work and extra curriculum activities instead. A drug known as â€Å"kiddie speed† is often used to help increase the concentration level of a teen during a test. In schools it is one of the most common drugs found being misused because children have easy access to it from either having it prescribed to them for a disorder or because it’s laying around their households. Not only do young people have access to the drugs at home but at school they can purchase the pills from peers â€Å"up to $2 each for the tablets† (Watt 1). Not only do teens use prescription drugs to increase their concentration but some critics would suggest that steroids are the only type of drug misused toShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drugs And Its Effects On Children873 Words   |  4 PagesRight now, at this very moment, somewhere in America, there is a commercial playing, advertising a prescription drug, while a family sits around and watches it or subconsciously takes in what the commercial has to offer while they stare at the bright screens of their cellular phones. The widespread media of prescription medicines, specifically amphetamines, sedati ves, and tranquilizers, allow pills like ‘Xanax’ (a tranquilizer used to treat depression), Zoloft (antidepressant), or Adderall (a medicationRead MoreDrug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. â€Å"Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects† (â€Å"Environmental Health Perspectives,† 2005). Drug addicts believe that drugs are necessary for them to have a feelingRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Paper Seeks To Analyze The Effects1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper seeks to analyze the effects of prescription drug abuse. In the first article identified the author seeks to identify the differences between peer and parent influence on the misuse of prescription drug as it relates to ethnicity. The second article to be investigation into prescription drug use misuse and drug problems as it pertains to motivational context. The third and fin al article seeks to education young adults on medical prescription drug use. A parent’s attitudes regarding substanceRead MoreKyle Craig and his Abuse on Adderall1698 Words   |  7 PagesWhat no one knew is that Kyle illegally looked to Adderall to keep up his â€Å"I’ve got it all together† act. Adderall is a stimulant prescription drug for those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD (FDA). Kyle took Adderall illegally and abused it much too often just to perform better academically and socially. While abusing the drug, Kyle slowly began spiraling into a dangerous state of psychosis that no one seemed to catch on to. That dangerous spiral led KyleRead MoreShould Prescribing Drugs Be Banned?1469 Words   |  6 PagesWhile the reasons for prescribing drugs such as Ritalin and other many drugs to treat ADHD are numerous and valid, so are the complications that come along with misusing them by placing them on the wrong hands, specifically on non ADHD patients. As a result, ADHD drugs have been proven to be a double-edged weapon. Plenty of research confirms that drugs such as Ritalin do far more damage in a young adult who has not been prescribed with the drug than it does helping a patient cope with their attentionRead MorePrescribed Medication On The United States937 Words   |  4 Pagesolder take eight or more prescriptions daily. (Snyder, 62) With that comes an increase in medication misuse and abuse. The difference between the two has to do with the intentions or motivations the person has. Medication misuse is an unintentional or willful use of a medication in a way that differs from prescribed dose or intent. (Snyder, 61) The first example found in the textbook includes taking several unused antibiotics for strep throat from last years prescription, thinking the sore throatRead MoreThe Drug Of Prescription Drugs1782 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom their many concussion scandals, the misusing of pres cription drugs is overshadowed, but still remains as a major issue in the NFL. A huge problem facing the NFL today is the ill advised use of painkillers as it affects former players and current players alike. If nothing is done to stop this dilemma, players will continue to be affected by the accoutrements of painkillers. Only through DEA investigations, increased restrictions on prescription drugs, and increased monitoring of player’s mentalRead MoreWhat Is The Total Economic Burden Of Prescription Opioid Abuse?1662 Words   |  7 Pages Week 6 Current Event Paper 2 Peadar F. Clark American Military University Week 6 Current Event Paper 2 â€Å"The total economic burden of prescription opioid misuse alone in the United States is $78.5 billion a year, including the costs of healthcare, lost productivity, addiction treatment, and criminal justice involvement†. -The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Substance abuse disorders have been considered a major epidemic by public health authorities during this century. MostRead MoreCauses Of Drug Addiction836 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction continues to be a major social problem in any country. Despite all efforts of trying to control the manufacturing and trading of these illicit substances, drug traders still somehow find a way to continuously distribute these drugs around and destroy thousands of lives through various clandestine laboratories that have sprouted from different parts of the world. More than seeing the amount of money being spent on something as unnecessary as taking illegal substances is how it hasRead MoreHeroin Addiction Is The Highest Rate It Has Been Since 2002997 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States today, heroin overdosage is the highest rate it has been since 2002 (â€Å"Overdose Death Rates†). Heroin is a drug that can be sold off of any person will to take the risk of selling the drug. Former addicts will tell you that heroin is cheaper on the street that any other drug. You can involve yourself with heroin in many different ways. This attracts people to obtain the drug for those reasons. Heroin addiction can happen to the most successful people as demonstrated in the story of Kurt Cobain’s

Interracial Marriage Free Essays

Interracial Marriage Interracial marriages have been a growing issue in our society. Some think that interracial marriages and relationships are socially wrong. Some believe that it harms children of mixed races because of the stares, discrimination, and being criticized. We will write a custom essay sample on Interracial Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now One should not have to feel the pain from being stared at or criticized, or discriminated against because of the color of skin or being with the one they love of a different race. The marriages and relationships that are interracial have multiplied within the past century. It is hard to believe that there used to be laws that banned interracial marriages. In years to come, interracial marriages and relationships will probably only become accepted in the world. Although laws have changed, interracial dating and marriages are still a controversial issue. In the past, fear and mistrust of such unions were more openly criticized, but in today’s culture where political correctness is more of a concern, people tend to hide their discrimination. Interracial marriages have become more socially accepted. However, some think it is completely wrong and that one should marry within their own race. Interracial marriages were illegal until the Supreme Court made them legal on June 12, 1967(Head). One could have been imprisoned for mating outside of white race. Laws against interracial marriages were overturned because they were ruled unconstitutional. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, black and white marriages increased from 65,000 in 1970 to 422,000 in 2005(U. S Census Bureau). In America today 35 percent of Americans have a family member or close relatives in a different race relationship (Talbot). Interracial marriages have become more common as the years have gone by, but there are still plenty of problems that people have with interracial marriages. Religious beliefs make some people think that interracial marriage is sinful and unbiblical. Black men marry outside their race at a far higher rate than black women. The opposite is true of Asians; women marry outside the race at a higher rate than Asian men. Hispanics and Asians are the top ranking intermarriages. Blacks and Hispanics who marry outside of their race are most likely to receive college degrees, and make the most income out of diverse groups of marriage (Maxwell). Many interracial marriages face problems of racism. Couples in interracial relationships tend to face stares, criticism, and discrimination in housing. They also have a harder time when trying to find a job. People against interracial marriages believe that they corrupt cultures and ethics. Numerous people still believe that interracial marriages are unacceptable and should be made illegal again. Based on The Huffington Post an online reading site, many mixed-raced couples in the South are still struggling to feel safe and be accepted in their communities (Lai). There are potential pitfalls in any marriage whether the couple is interracial or not but there have been some common trouble spots that interracial couples have identified in their marriages. Some of the common trouble spots include: values, eating habits, sex, gender roles, friends, in-laws, and raising children. Some of these issues overlap, but there are some specific distinctions between each. Although these are potential trouble spots for any type of marriage, the degree to which they affect interracial marriages is greater. Mixed race children are at risk for identity crisis such as, not knowing who is accepting of their race or what crowd to hang out with is a struggle for many mixed-race children in today’s society. Mixed-race children face not being accepted by both races that they are but instead a stranger in both worlds. For instance, if a child is mixed with White and Hispanic they may not speak Spanish so they do not fit in with many Hispanics. This could be the case with other races as well. There is still too much racism in the world! For a mixed-race child this can be more difficult because they want to be accepted by each race they are a part of, and yet in many situations they stand apart from both. Depending on the location this could be more of an issue than other places. If the location is in an area where there is not a lot of diversity it would be much harder than big cities where there is a huge diverse population. Children normally do not know how to handle racism so it is much worse on them than it is on the adults that deal with it, because children do not get to choose their race. Racial identity, a product of racial prejudice, is something these kids have to deal with. Everyone is equal and should have the same rights; however this is not the case in today’s world. One benefit being in an interracial marriage is the opportunity to explore another culture. Mixed-race children tend to be healthier due to an increase in genetic diversity. The children have an opportunity to learn about two entirely different cultures, which in turn can make a difference in their everyday knowledge. According to The New York Times interracial couples are more likely to live in the West because concentration of immigrant minority groups there (Saulny). The fear and prejudices of the older generations have given way and have made young people believe that they has the right to marry anyone if they’re in love with each other. Some people have not accepted the fact that race should not be an issue in marriages or relationships. In today’s society there are always going to be people who don’t agree with the things that people do in their everyday lives. In the world today the younger generation tends to have more friends of different ethnic or racial groups. They are also more willing to be in relationship with a different race. Television has a big effect on the younger generation, with movies that make interracial interaction seem to be normal and not something wrong to do. Acceptance is not only difficult in our families but many members of our own cultures tend to offer some of the most damaging opinions. The main problem among interracial marriages is not: their history, their race, their marriage, or their children, the problem is society. Having difficulties in interracial marriages makes the marriage hard, but a strong willed couple who has faith in their love for each other can overcome many of the obstacles they face. Not fitting in because of the person one plans to spend the rest of their life with can be hard, but also knowing how certain people or establishments are, are a definite eye opener to seeing how many small minded people there are in the world. Nobody should have to be worried about if the person they choose to fall in love with or laws that could separate them. The children of interracial marriages will eventually blend with the other children of mono-racial families. Works Cited Head, Tom. â€Å"Interracial Marriage Laws History. About. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. http://www. civilliberty. about. com/od/raceequalopportunity/tp/interracial-marriage-laws-history-timeline. html. â€Å"Interracial Tables. † U. S Census Bureau. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Lai, Jennifer. â€Å"Interracial Marriage. † Huffington Post 3 Nov. 2012: n. pag. Print. Maxwell, Lesli A. â€Å"Marriages across Racial Ethnic Lines on Rise. † Education Week 16 Feb. 2012: n. pag. Print. Saulny, Susan. â€Å"Interracial Marriage Seen Gaining Wide Acceptance. † New York How to cite Interracial Marriage, Papers

Since The Days Of The Pioneers Of The United States, Firearms Essays

Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people, given in the second amendment "the right to bear arms", controlling distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns. Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people given in the second amendment the right "to bear arms". Opponents of gun control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA, argue that the "right To bear arms" is guaranteed in the second amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere. However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400 homicides including guns. In addition gun control has been seen as necessary because of the violence by criminals using guns. Gun control is wrapped in a series of social issues such as crime and drugs. Guns have become closely linked to drugs and murder in the public mind. Drug dealing and high tech weaponry have escalated the warfare in cities between long established loosely knit gangs. Predominantly guns of crime are used by gang members. Many police officers are killed every year due to drug and gang related incidents involving guns. For example in 1988 on February 26 rookie New York City police officer Edward Byre was sitting alone in his police car guarding the house of a drug trial witness in South Jamaica, Queens where he was shot four times in the head and killed. In conclusion, there are valid reasons for why certain people feel that gun control is unfair. People against gun control feel that it is a violation of the Constitution to control the sale and distribution and the registration of guns and gun owners. But it is necessary for there to be certain limits on the way that firearms are handled in this country because of the homicide rate involving guns and because of the violence created by criminals using guns. If gun control legislation were to go through there would be a significant decline in gun related crimes and fatalities.

The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer Essays

The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer Essays The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer Essay The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer Essay Colon malignant neoplastic disease is the 2nd prima cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease. Most of the instances are sporadic but several familial familial syndromes account for around 5 % of all colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases ( CRC ) . The most common of these syndromes are familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP ) and familial non-polyposis colon malignant neoplastic disease ( HNPCC ) which is besides known as Lynch syndrome. These make up 3 % of the familial syndromes. Other syndromes include Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Juvenile polyposis syndrome. This essay will concentrate on the most common familial CRC s. The cistrons that are involved in FAP and HNPCC have been identified. Therefore familial testing can be offered to test for bearer position in these syndromes. Designation of persons who have a sensitivity to CRC is of import to be able to offer them adequate testing to observe tumors at an early phase. FAP FAP is dominantly inherited and is extremely acute demoing a perpendicular transmittal through a household lineage. Its classical phenotype involves the growing of 100s of adenomatous polyps along the colonic mucous membrane. If the polyps are non removed there is near a 100 % opportunity of colon malignant neoplastic disease. The mean age of polyp development and colon malignance is 16 and 39 old ages severally. FAP is found in ~1 per 7-10,000 births in the United States population and histories for less than 1 % of all CRC ( Davidson, 2007 ) . FAP is a monogenetic disease and is caused by the mutant or omission of the adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) cistron which is found on chromosome 5. 95 % of APC mutants that lead to FAP is either bunk ( 28 % ) or truncating frameshift ( 67 % ) ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . The staying 5 % is caused by big omissions or rearrangements. The APC cistron is a tumour-suppressor cistron and the APC protein is portion of the Wnt-signalling tract, involved in cell growing control ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . Mutants in the APC cistron hence cause activation of the Wnt-signalling tract and uncontrolled cell growing. There is another discrepancy of FAP known as Attenuated signifier of FAP ( AFAP ) , it has a ulterior age on oncoming ( gt ; 40 ) , less adenomatous polyps ( A ; lt ; 50 ) and a lower hazard of CRC. Some of these patients will hold a mutant in the extreme of the 3 or 5 terminal of the APC cistron compared to those who have extreme polyposis where mutants tend to be in the mid-portion of exon 15. It is of import to be able to separate between the types of FAP to cognize where to test for mutants and how to handle the status. It is besides of import to see a patient s nationality when they present to clinic. This can find their heritage hazard and aid to turn up the mutant. For illustration Ashkanazi Jews have a high prevalence of the I1307K mutant ensuing in a life-time hazard of CRC between 10-20 % . Diagnosis Familial testing is of import in households who are at hazard of FAP due the dominant and high penetrance phenotype. As there is a classical phenotype, FAP is easier to name in clinic. In FAP about all mutants consist of shortnesss of the APC protein. This occurs by point mutants, doing either a frameshift by an interpolation or omission, or a nonsensical codon. Familial Testing for FAP is done by bespeaking the presence of a disease doing mutant by a Protein Truncation Test ( PTT ) . Then the location of the mutant on the APC cistron is found by Conformation-Specific Gel Electrophoresis ( CSGE ) , Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism ( SSCP ) or Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ( DGGE ) . Once the location of the mutant is localised the APC cistron is sequenced to place the disease-causing mutant. For those big omissions and rearrangements, Southern Blotting, Array CGH and MLPA can be used for designation. If all of these methods fail to place the mutant, linkage proving to the APC cistron can be done. As it has become cheaper to sequence the APC cistron late many clinics skip the procedure of turn uping the country of mutant and sequence the whole cistron. Deductions The APC cistron is big and the mutants spread along it. This can do it hard to turn up the mutant. As many households have alone mutants it may be hard to make up ones mind if the mutant found is really infective. In fact in patients showing with phenotypical classical FAP, known infective mutants are merely found in 85 % of them. The remainder, although they may hold alterations in the APC cistron it is unknown what these alterations mean. As this information is uninformative it is non possible to give patients a hazard of acquiring CRC or to test their households to be able to except those who are non at hazard. All of the molecular trials used for FAP have their advantages and disadvantages. PTT fails to observe shortnesss that occur at the very terminal or beginning of a cistron and big mutants. Additionally it can non observe missense mutants. However, if it does happen a mutant it is ever disease doing. CSGE does observe more than 90 % of mutants present. SSCP detect s between 60 % -95 % of mutants and DGGE can observe up to 90 % of sequence alterations. Array CGH will lose little omissions and MLPA can non observe balanced translocations and is sensitive to drosss. Therefore some mutants are being missed. Linkage analysis can be between 90 % -95 % effectual in households that have multiple members affected by the disease. The consequences of linkage give symptomless household members the hazard they have of transporting the mutant. However, if these hazards are non below 5 % or above 95 % they are non really utile in clinic. Furthermore non all households will hold multiple affected members to be able to transport out linkage. Additionally decreased protein look may give rise to disease but causative mutants can be really hard to happen because they may be in regulative countries ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . If a patient presented to clinic with FAP phenotype but when tested no mutant could be found on the APC cistron it is deserving proving the MYH cistron for mutants. The phenotype of MYH-associated polyposis ( MAP ) is similar but less terrible than FAP and it is inherited recessively. It is of import to separate between these different types so that the mutants can be identified so other members of the household can be screened. It is besides of import to handle the patient accurately. 25 % of instances of FAP arise as self-generated APC mutants ( Davidson, 2007 ) . Merely kids of these patients would be at hazard of being a bearer of the mutant. However as these patients will hold no household history an inexperient clinician may non recognize the status as being FAP. HNPCC Persons with HNPCC have an increased hazard of developing CRC. It is the most common signifier of familial CRC accounting for between 3-5 % of all instances ( Davidson, 2007 ) . It is an autosomal dominant status and people who inherit the status have early oncoming of colon malignant neoplastic disease ( A ; lt ; 40years ) . Tumours develop chiefly in proximal colon and a individual affected often has household history of colon malignant neoplastic disease or other associated malignant neoplastic diseases such as endometrial, ovarian, encephalon, little intestinal, pancreatic and urinary piece of land ( Davidson, 2007 ) . However there is no typical signifier of phenotype for HNPCC. It is of import though, due to the higher life-time hazard of developing these malignant neoplastic diseases, to name households affected, so that preventive showing can be offered. Diagnosis The first measure to name HNPCC is when a patient nowadayss in clinic. A standard known as the Amsterdam standards was devised over 15 old ages ago which must be met for an person to be clinically diagnosed. This method has been criticised as being excessively stiff. There are now adopted versions of this standard, such as the Modified Amsterdam and Modified Bethesda. These other standards are more inclusive but less specific for HNPPC. When a household is identified as potentially holding HNPCC, they are eligible for diagnostic showing. HNPCC causes a higher hazard of CRC due to a germline mutant of a mismatch fix ( MMR ) cistron. The cell is so unable to treat DNA fix. Mutation bearers exhibit a characteristic phenotype termed microsatellite instability, characterised by enlargement or contraction of short repetition sequences of Deoxyribonucleic acid at multiple venue ( Syngal et al, 1999 ) . Pathogenic mutants have been found at four mismatch fix cistrons ( MSH2, MHL1, PMS2 and MSH6 ) , but so far most HNPCC instances are caused by mutants in either MLH1 or MSH2 ( Muller et al. , 2004 ) . High microsatellite instability is a signal that the MMR cistron is lacking. A tumor is considered MSI high or unstable if more than 40 % of the venue show instability ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . If an MMR-high reading is found, a farther diagnostic trial, Immunohistochemical staining can be used to place which cistron is most likely to be mutated. This looks for the MMR proteins MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6 in the tumour tissue. In 50 % -70 % of instances, mutants in mismatch fix cistrons can be found by DNA sequencing and the larger omissions and rearrangements which tend to be common in HNPCC can be found by Southern Blotting. Southern Blotting will happen the mutant in a farther 10 % -20 % of people, where sequencing could non. Deductions In clinic a diagnosing is dependent on a patient s household history. If the household history fits the Amsterdam or any of the modified standards so they can be identified as potentially holding HNPPC. However this method of naming has possible defects. A elaborate household history may non be given by the patient as they may non be in contact with other household members or they may go forth out information that they do non believe is critical, such as endometrial malignant neoplastic disease. The sensitiveness of the Amsterdam standards is between 54 % -91 % and the specificity is between 62 % -84 % . This means that a significant figure of HNPCC households could be excluded from proving and testing. The sensitiveness of MSI trials are 62 % . Therefore excess cautiousness should be used when construing consequences, particularly negative consequences. In 15 % of sporadic instances of CRC, MSI can be detected. This occurs due to methylation of the 5CpG island in the boos ter part ( Muller et al. , 2004 ) . The consequence of this trial may take you to believe that the proband has HNPPC and therefore them and their households would be at higher hazard of developing CRC. However this is non caused by a heritable mutant in the germline. In add-on this phenomenon exposes a corresponding restriction in the usage of IHC because MLH1 protein look is lost in tumor every bit good ( Lynch et al. , 2007 ) Additionally, dependable consequences for MSI can merely be obtained if adequate cells are right amplified to look at the microsatellite venue. These trials do non pick up all instances of HNPCC as approximately 10 % of IHC trials will be falsely negative, i.e. protein discoloration is present even though the related cistron is mutationally inactivated ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . This could take to the bar of early sensing. Diagnostic intervention can besides give false positive consequences ; this can take to people having testing that do non necessitat e it and this may take to unneeded psychological emphasis. MSI and IHC trials complement each other and therefore both should ever be taken into history. When the cistron is identified that is likely to be mutated, sequence analysis or Southern Blotting can be performed to place the mutant. However this consequence is non ever informative for households as it can be hard to clearly specify a infective mutant. This means that it is non possible to test other household members for a known mutant. Besides in up to 10 % of people a mutant may non be found. Finally when taking an index instance to look for the mutant, the youngest affected individual should be chose. The older a patient is the more likely their malignant neoplastic disease is sporadic. However in a household the youngest affected individual may non hold to be tested. This leaves it harder to accomplish the consequences wanted. Decision The most hard portion of proving for CRC is cognizing who to prove. In FAP there is a clear phenotype but there are discrepancies such as AFAP and MAP. These besides benefit from proving. HNCPP has no clear phenotype and is much harder to estimate who would profit from proving. There are standards set in topographic point to assist this procedure but as mentioned some people are over looked. For both conditions no individual trial is sufficient to place the mutant. Some mutants may non even be identified and therefore it is of import that a adviser non merely measure the patient on their trial consequences but besides on their clinical diagnosing. Trial consequences are non required for disease direction but are helpful for placing other household members who are at hazard. Mentions Burt, R. A ; Neklason, D. , W. ( 2005 ) . Familial Testing for Inherited Colon Cancer.Gastroenterology128: 1696-1716 Davidson, N. , O. ( 2007 ) . Familial testing in colorectal malignant neoplastic disease: who, when, how and why.Keio Journal of Medicine56 ( 1 ) : 14-20 Lynch, P. , M. ( 2007 ) . New Issues in Genetic Counseling of Hereditary Colon Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 13: 6857s-6861s Muller, A. , Giuffre, G. , Edmonston, T. , B. , Heinmoller, E. , Brodegger, T. , Tuccari, G. , Mangold, E. , Buettner, R. , A ; Ruschoff, J. ( 2004 ) . Challenges and Pitfalls in HNPCC Screening by Microsatellite Analysis and Immunohistochemistry.Journal of Molecular Nosologies6 ( 4 ) : 308-315 Syngal, S. , Fox, E. , A. , Li, C. , Dovidio, M. , Eng, C. , Kolondner, R. , D. , A ; Garber, J. , E. ( 1999 ) . Interpretation of Familial Test Results for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer: Deductions for Clinical Predisposition Testing.Journel of the American Medical Association282 ( 3 ) : 247-253 Bibliography Boultwood, J. A ; Fidler, C. ( 2002 ) .Molecular Analysis of Cancer, Humana Press, New Jersey. Chen, S. , Watson, P. A ; Parmigiani, G. ( 2005 ) . Accuracy of MSI Testing in Predicting Germline mutants of MSH2 and MLH1: a instance survey in Bayesian meta-analysis of diagnostic trials without a god criterion.Biometricss6 ( 3 ) : 450-464 Kerr, D. , J. , Young, A. , M. A ; Hobbs, F. , D. , R. ( 2002 ) .ABC of Colorectal Cancer, BMJ, London. Taylor, I. , Garcia-Aguilar, J. A ; Goldberg, S. , M. ( 2002 ) .Colorectal Cancer 2nd edition, Health Press, London Tomlinson, I. , Ilyas, M. A ; Novelli, M. ( 1997 ) .Molecular Geneticss of Colon Cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 16: 67-69 Walther, A. , Johnstone, E. , Swanton, C. , Midgley, R. , Tomlison, I. and Kerr, D. ( 2009 ) . Familial Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Colorectal Cancer.Nature Reviews 9: 489-499

How to Melt Gallium Metal in Your Hand

How to Melt Gallium Metal in Your Hand Gallium is an unusual metal. It does not occur as a pure element in nature, but can be purchased in pure form to be used for some truly amazing science demonstrations. One of the most popular gallium demonstrations is melting gallium in the palm of your hand. Heres how to do the demonstration safely and the explanation for how it works. Melted Gallium Materials pure gallium  plastic gloves (optional) You can buy a chunk of pure gallium for around $20 online. Its safe to use your bare hand for this experiment, but gallium has two properties that may make you wish to wear a pair of disposable gloves. First, gallium metal wets both glass and skin. What this means is the melted metal will leave finely divided gallium particles on your skin, giving it a grayish cast. Its not super-easy to wash off, so you might want to avoid the issue. The other consideration is that gallium attacks other metals. So, if you usually wear a ring, you may want to wear gloves just to make certain no gallium or leftover metal is available to discolor your jewelry. How To Melt Gallium What could be easier? Simply place the piece of gallium in the palm of your hand and let the warmth of your body heat do the work! The melting point of gallium is  29.76 C  (85.57 F), so it will readily melt in your hand or in a very warm room. Expect this to take around 3-5 minutes for a coin-sized piece of metal. When you are done examining the gallium, tilt your hand to allow the metal to flow into a non-metal container. If the container is also warm, the slow cooling will allow you to watch gallium form metal crystals. You can supercool gallium, which is holding it as a liquid above its freezing point. Do this by pouring the liquid gallium into a warm container and keeping it free of vibrations. When you are ready to crystallize the metal, you can jar the container, touch the sample, or seed crystallization by adding a small piece of solid gallium. The metal exhibits an orthorhombic crystal structure. Points To Keep in Mind Gallium may temporarily discolor your skin. This is because it wets skin. Keep in mind this means youll lose a tiny bit of your sample every time you do the demonstration.Some people have reported mild dermatitis (redness, itching, inflammation) from long-term gallium exposure to skin. Basically, this means you should wash your hands after the conclusion of the demonstration.Gallium is not toxic. It is used in pharmaceuticals, so you could probably swallow it and be okay, but its not recommended, plus it would be an expensive snack.Gallium attacks other metals, so do not let it come into contact with jewelry or store it in metal containers.Gallium expands as it cools, so it usually kept in a plastic bag or flexible container rather than glass to avoid any possibility of expansion shattering the container. Also, gallium wets glass, so storing in plastic helps minimize sample loss. Other Elements That Would Melt in Your Hand Gallium is not the only metal that melts into a liquid near room temperature or body temperature. Francium, cesium, and rubidium also would melt in the palm of your hand. However, you seriously dont want to attempt this demonstration with any of them! Francium and cesium are radioactive. Cesium and rubidium react vigorously with water, which basically means they could set your hand on fire. Stick with gallium. Learn More About Gallium If you have gallium to melt in your hand, you may also wish to try the melting spoon trick. In this science magic trick, you either melt a gallium spoon with what appears to be the power of your mind or else you make it seem to disappear in a glass of hot water. Gallium is an interesting metalloid, so you may wish to learn more about the element.

Animal Captivity of Orcas Should Be Banned Essay

Animal Captivity of Orcas Should Be Banned - Essay Example The need to maximize profits and minimize costs means that the welfare of the animals is neglected (Clemmit, 2010). Unlike the use of animals for medical research, this practice is merely for the amusement of the public.It serves no greater good besides giving people momentary pleasure. The death of Dawn Brancheau in a deadly encounter with the orca responsible for two other deaths shows the consequences of vested economic interests. It would have been prudent to ensure that such an animal does not encounter another human being. The lives of trainers are endangered (Martinez, 2014). The documentary explores the death of Dawn Brancheau who was killed by a captive orca. The same orca had killed two other trainers. Although there are generally accepted occupational hazards, the death of three people by one animal is unacceptable. The animals are destabilized when they are away from their indigenous habitats making them violent. The practice has a negative effect on the mental health of the animals. The film suggests that Tilikum had been driven to madness by his captivity (Martinez, 2014). Captured animals live in a restrictive environment causing them to undergo pain, distress and in extreme cases death. Many marine biologists believe that orcas are designed to travel millions of miles in a single day. The restricted environment makes them irritated and a danger to people (Martinez, 2014). It is morally wrong to use animals for human amusement. The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has equated the practice to slavery (Martinez, 2014). It is morally wrong to inflict pain on one creature for the benefit of another. The animals have the ability to feel and should not be tortured (Clemmit, 2010). Modern science is increasingly showing that animals are more complex creatures than expected (Clemmit, 2010). A good example is chickens which do not even qualify for Animal

Doctor Faustus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Doctor Faustus - Essay Example Faustus. Marlowe warns the person who reads against such trade-offs, revealing in the doom of Dr. Faustus that an agreement with the devil can never harvest true rewards (Marlowe 6). Also, the book concerns the apprehension between science and magic. Dr. Faustus has all the skills and knowledge to identify the world completely as a human being can, but he opts to submerge himself in the mysterious arts of magic in the anticipations of learning more (Marlowe 12). The result of the play undoubtedly asserts Marlowe’s conviction that magic is a substandard to science and the accurate obscurities of the Christian life. Dr. Faustus’s main character mistake is that he wishes the boundaries of humanity and knowledge to be extended past what is logical (Marlowe 13). This play is a morality story on wanting more than what is offered to us. Through Dr. Faustus, the person who reads realises that they should be pleased with what is, instead of what they would want the world to

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas: Book and Film :: The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, John Boyne

The book The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, by John Boyne is about a young boy, Bruno, whose father is a soldier in the German army during WWII. Bruno lives with his parents and his older sister, Gretel. They live in a five story house in Berlin. He goes to school and has three best friends that he goes on adventures with. One day he comes home to find their maid packing his things. They move to a three story house in Germany because his dad was promoted and needs to be closer to his work. Bruno is getting really upset that he can no longer see his friends or his grandparents. He is stuck in his house and can’t explore as much as he would like because there is no one to explore with. He notices something out his window one day, a large fenced in area with little tiny dots moving. He asks his sister and maid Maria what they are but they don’t know. He decides one day that he is going to explore the fenced in area, so he leaves when no one is looking and explores it for about two hours walking up and down the fence looking for something. Finally he comes across I boy about the same size of him so he goes up and talks to him. The boy’s name is Shmuel and they are the same age. Bruno learns that he is stuck behind the fence and has nothing to wear but the striped pajamas. Bruno doesn’t understand why he is there but is told how awful it is behind the fence. One day when Shmuel gets sent to shine glasses at his house him and Bruno start talking. A soldier see them and Bruno told him he didn’t know who he was, and the soldier beats the boy, Bruno feels terrible and want to make it up to Shmuel. Bruno wants to understand why the life behind the fence is so awful and why Shmuel isn’t happy. Bruno thinks it’s not better, but interesting because there are other kids to play with. They form a strong bond that can't be broken by anything and it makes him realize that his friends in Berlin weren't as special as Shmuel is and their friendship. The two boys have been talking and have been friends for about a year and decide that Bruno wants to go on the other side of the fence to see what its like and help him find his papa.

1 07 Anne Bradstreet

Part 1: Short Answer 1. Identify and explain an emotion that Bradstreet expresses in her poem that any mother might have. She is sad that her children are growing up and leaving home. 2. Read  Bradstreet's biography. List two hardships she endured throughout her life. Then, in at least two sentences, explain how these hardships might have influenced her poem â€Å"In Reference to Her Children. †Ã‚   All colonists were fighting for survival due to lack of food, the climate, ect. She was afflicted with smallpox and had very bad health.I think these hardships might have influenced her poem because maybe she knew she was going to die soon and wanted to leave them with those words. 3. Figurative language is an important element in poetry. Taking tone and style into consideration provide a simile that could be inserted in Bradstreet's poem and briefly explain your comparison. â€Å"My love for you all is sweet like sugar† This could be inserted in her poem because she loved her children very much and it’s comparing her love to the sweetness of sugar. 4. Using the poem, answer the following questions. a. How many children does Bradstreet have? She had 8 children. . How many are girls? She had 4 girls. c. How many are boys? She had 4 boys d. What did the first child do when he grew up? Her first child moved away from home when he grew up. e. Where are the last three children? Her last 3 children lived with her, as they were not old enough to leave yet. 5. What comfort is Bradstreet giving to her children by saying:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In chirping languages oft them tell You had a Dame that lov'd you well, That did what could be done for young And nurst you up till you were strong† She wants them to remember that they had a mother who raised them until they were strong enough to live on their own.Part 2: Extended Response 1. Was Hester Prynne a heroine? Write a persuasive paragraph defending or condemning her actions. Some say that Hester Prynne was a heroine. Well, what exactly is a heroine? A heroine is basically a female version of a hero. When I think of a female hero I think of super woman, not Hester Prynne. I don’t think she should be considered a heroine because she didn’t really do anything heroic, they say she dealt with her consequences with grace. This may be true but how does it make her a hero? All she did was endure the consequences of a crime she committed.If Hester Prynne is a heroine, than woman in jails and prisons might as well be heroines too! 2. Imagine the guilt Reverend Dimmesdale must have felt. Did he do the right thing? Write a paragraph to defend or condemn his actions in keeping silent for so long. I think he felt extremely bad and guilty because he was causing harm to himself about it. However, Reverend Dimmesdale did not do the right thing. He let the secret go on for a long time while basically lying to the people. He was acting like he didn’t know who Pearl’s father wa s. He was probably scared of being treated how they treated Hester and it made it worse that he was a Reverend.

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds

Clouds may look like big, fluffy marshmallows in the sky, but in reality, they are visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals, if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. Here, we discuss the science of clouds: how they form, move, and change color.   Formation Clouds form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. This expansion uses heat energy, and therefore cools the air parcel. The farther upward it travels, the more it cools. When its temperature cools to that of its dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel condenses into droplets of liquid water. These droplets then collect on the surfaces of dust, pollen, smoke, dirt, and sea salt particles called nuclei. (These nuclei are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water molecules.) It is at this point—when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei—that clouds form and become visible. Shape Have you ever watched a cloud long enough to see it expanding outward, or looked away for a moment only to find that when you look back its shape has changed? If so, youll be glad to know it isnt your imagination. The shapes of clouds are ever-changing thanks to the processes of condensation and evaporation. After a cloud forms, condensation doesnt stop. This is why we sometimes notice clouds expanding into the neighboring sky. But as currents of warm, moist air continue to rise and feed condensation, drier air from the surrounding environment eventually infiltrates the buoyant column of air in a process called entrainment. When this drier air is introduced into the cloud body, it evaporates the clouds droplets and causes parts of the cloud to dissipate. Movement   Clouds start out high up in the atmosphere because thats where theyre created, but they remain suspended thanks to the tiny particles they contain. A clouds water droplets or ice crystals are very small, less than a micron (thats less than one-millionth of a meter). Because of this, they respond very slowly to gravity. To help visualize this concept, consider a rock and a feather. Gravity affects each, however the rock falls quickly whereas the feather gradually drifts to the ground because of its lighter weight. Now compare a feather and an individual cloud droplet particle; the particle will take even longer than the feather to fall, and because of the particles tiny size, the slightest movement of air will keep it aloft. Because this applies to each cloud droplet, it applies to the entire cloud itself. Clouds travel with the upper-level winds. They move at the same speed and in the same direction as the prevailing wind at the clouds level (low, middle, or high). High-level clouds are among the fastest moving because they form near the top of the troposphere and are pushed by the jet stream. Color A clouds color is determined by the light it receives from the Sun. (Recall that the Sun emits white light; that white light is made up of all the colors in the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; and that each color in the visible spectrum represents an electromagnetic wave of a different length.) The process works like this: As the Suns lightwaves pass through the atmosphere and clouds, they meet the individual water droplets that make up a cloud. Because the water droplets have a similar size as the wavelength of sunlight, the droplets scatter the Suns light in a type of scattering known as Mie scattering in which all wavelengths of light are scattered. Because all wavelengths are scattered, and together all colors in the spectrum make up white light, we see white clouds. In the case of thicker clouds, such as stratus, sunlight passes through but is blocked. This gives the cloud a grayish appearance.